Constitution of India - Revision history

171.61.213.228: /* Background */

2019-02-28T16:10:29Z

Background

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:10, 28 February 2019
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	==Background==		==Background==
	The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of ~~aIndi~~ was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown........		The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown........

	==Evolution of the Constitution==		==Evolution of the Constitution==

171.61.187.97: /* Structure */

2017-11-28T05:35:28Z

Structure

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:35, 28 November 2017
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	==Structure==		==Structure==
	The Constitution, in its current form, consists of a preamble, 22 parts containing 448 articles, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 94 amendments to date.<ref>http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm</ref> The Women's Reservation Bill, 2010, if passed by both houses of parliament and ratified by half of the states, would be 108th Amendment to the Constitution. Although it is federal in nature with strong unitary bias, in case of emergencies it takes unitary structure.		The Constitution, in its current form, consists of a preamble, 22 parts containing 448 articles, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 amendments to date.<ref>http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/coifiles/amendment.htm</ref> The Women's Reservation Bill, 2010, if passed by both houses of parliament and ratified by half of the states, would be 108th Amendment to the Constitution. Although it is federal in nature with strong unitary bias, in case of emergencies it takes unitary structure.

	===Parts===		===Parts===

122.161.183.110: /* Indian Independence Act 1947 */

2016-09-13T19:02:05Z

Indian Independence Act 1947

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:02, 13 September 2016
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	===Indian Independence Act 1947===		===Indian Independence Act 1947===

	The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the septates. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the ~~respectiv🆒⏳e~~ Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950,20 years before on this date Indian National Congress decided to celebrate independence day. It repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day.		The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the septates. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the respectively Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950,20 years before on this date Indian National Congress decided to celebrate independence day. It repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day.

	==Constituent Assembly==		==Constituent Assembly==

Kianganz: Reverted edits by 49.207.185.199 (talk) to last revision by 117.225.35.25

2016-01-10T04:46:05Z

Reverted edits by 49.207.185.199 (talk) to last revision by 117.225.35.25

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:46, 10 January 2016
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	==Background==		==Background==
	The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of aIndi was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown. ~~British was so cruel and danger~~. ~~india is a country of freedom~~. ~~mahatma ghandiji ki jai~~		The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of aIndi was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown........

	==Evolution of the Constitution==		==Evolution of the Constitution==
	===Acts of British Parliament before 1935===		===Acts of British Parliament before 1935===
	After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Parliament took over the reign of India from the British East India Company, and British India came under the direct rule of the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858\|Government of India Act of 1858 to this effect, which set up the structure of British government in India. It established in England the office of the Secretary of State for India through whom the Parliament would exercise its rule, along with a Council of India to aid him. It also established the office of the Governor-General of India along with an Executive Council in India, which consisted of high officials of the British Government. The Indian Councils Act 1861\|Indian Councils Act of 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892\|Indian Councils Act of 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. These acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, but it was limited in its powers. The Government of India Acts of Government of India Act 1909\|1909 and Government of India Act 1919\|1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the government.~~it is supreme law~~		After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Parliament took over the reign of India from the British East India Company, and British India came under the direct rule of the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858\|Government of India Act of 1858 to this effect, which set up the structure of British government in India. It established in England the office of the Secretary of State for India through whom the Parliament would exercise its rule, along with a Council of India to aid him. It also established the office of the Governor-General of India along with an Executive Council in India, which consisted of high officials of the British Government. The Indian Councils Act 1861\|Indian Councils Act of 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892\|Indian Councils Act of 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. These acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, but it was limited in its powers. The Government of India Acts of Government of India Act 1909\|1909 and Government of India Act 1919\|1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the government.

	===Government of India Act 1935===		===Government of India Act 1935===

49.207.185.199 at 12:05, 9 January 2016

2016-01-09T12:05:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:05, 9 January 2016
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	==Background==		==Background==
	The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of aIndi was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown...~~.....~~		The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of aIndi was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown. British was so cruel and danger. india is a country of freedom. mahatma ghandiji ki jai

	==Evolution of the Constitution==		==Evolution of the Constitution==

49.207.185.199 at 12:03, 9 January 2016

2016-01-09T12:03:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:03, 9 January 2016
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	==Evolution of the Constitution==		==Evolution of the Constitution==
	===Acts of British Parliament before 1935===		===Acts of British Parliament before 1935===
	After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Parliament took over the reign of India from the British East India Company, and British India came under the direct rule of the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858\|Government of India Act of 1858 to this effect, which set up the structure of British government in India. It established in England the office of the Secretary of State for India through whom the Parliament would exercise its rule, along with a Council of India to aid him. It also established the office of the Governor-General of India along with an Executive Council in India, which consisted of high officials of the British Government. The Indian Councils Act 1861\|Indian Councils Act of 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892\|Indian Councils Act of 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. These acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, but it was limited in its powers. The Government of India Acts of Government of India Act 1909\|1909 and Government of India Act 1919\|1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the government.		After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Parliament took over the reign of India from the British East India Company, and British India came under the direct rule of the Crown. The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1858\|Government of India Act of 1858 to this effect, which set up the structure of British government in India. It established in England the office of the Secretary of State for India through whom the Parliament would exercise its rule, along with a Council of India to aid him. It also established the office of the Governor-General of India along with an Executive Council in India, which consisted of high officials of the British Government. The Indian Councils Act 1861\|Indian Councils Act of 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892\|Indian Councils Act of 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. These acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, but it was limited in its powers. The Government of India Acts of Government of India Act 1909\|1909 and Government of India Act 1919\|1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the government.it is supreme law

	===Government of India Act 1935===		===Government of India Act 1935===

117.225.35.25: /* Indian Independence Act 1947 */

2014-10-26T19:06:55Z

Indian Independence Act 1947

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:06, 26 October 2014
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	===Indian Independence Act 1947===		===Indian Independence Act 1947===

	The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the ~~separate states~~. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the ~~respective~~ Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950,20 years before on this date Indian National Congress decided to celebrate independence day. It repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day.		The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the septates. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the respectiv🆒⏳e Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950,20 years before on this date Indian National Congress decided to celebrate independence day. It repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day.

	==Constituent Assembly==		==Constituent Assembly==

1.39.12.235 at 11:36, 3 October 2014

2014-10-03T11:36:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:36, 3 October 2014
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	===Indian Independence Act 1947===		===Indian Independence Act 1947===

	The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the respective Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day.		The Indian Independence Act, which came into force on 18 July 1947, divided the British Indian territory into two new states of India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until their constitutions were in effect. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states. The Act relieved the British Parliament of any further rights or obligations towards India or Pakistan, and granted sovereignty over the lands to the respective Constituent Assemblies. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950,20 years before on this date Indian National Congress decided to celebrate independence day. It repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as National Law Day.

	==Constituent Assembly==		==Constituent Assembly==

1.39.12.235: /* Judicial review of laws */

2014-10-03T11:30:32Z

Judicial review of laws

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 3 October 2014
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	In 2000 the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC)<ref>http://ncrwc.nic.in/</ref> was setup to look into updating the constitution of India.		In 2000 the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC)<ref>http://ncrwc.nic.in/</ref> was setup to look into updating the constitution of India.

	~~==Judicial review of laws==~~
	Judicial review is actually adopted in the Indian constitution from the constitution of the United States of America. In the Indian constitution, Judicial Review is dealt under Article 13. Judicial Review actually refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 deals that		Judicial review is actually adopted in the Indian constitution from the constitution of the United States of America. In the Indian constitution, Judicial Review is dealt under Article 13. Judicial Review actually refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy. Article 13 deals that

	1. All pre-constitutional laws, after the coming into force of constitution, if in conflict with it in all or some of its provisions then the provisions of constitution will prevail and the provisions of that pre-constitutional law will not be in force until an amendment of the constitution relating to the same matter. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Theory of Eclipse.		1. All pre-constitutional laws, after the coming into force of constitution, if in conflict with it in all or some of its provisions then the provisions of constitution will prevail and the provisions of that pre-constitutional law will not be in force until an amendment of the constitution relating to the same matter. In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force, if it is compatible with the constitution as amended. This is called the Theory of Eclipse.

	2. In a ~~similar~~ manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void-ab-initio.		2. In a dissimilar manner, laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution, otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void-ab-initio.

	In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws as if they are in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 124, 131, 219, 226 and 246 provide a constitutional basis to the Judicial review in India.		In such situations, the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws as if they are in conformity with the constitution. If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency, and where a separation is possible, the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void. In addition to article 13, articles 32, 124, 131, 219, 226 and 246 provide a constitutional basis to the Judicial review in India.

1.39.12.235: /* Background */

2014-10-03T11:25:53Z

Background

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 3 October 2014
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	==Background==		==Background==
	The ~~majority~~ of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of ~~India~~ was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown........		The miniority of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1858 to 1947. This period saw the gradual rise of the Indian nationalist movement to gain independence from the foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The constitution of aIndi was adopted on 26 January 1950, which proclaimed India to be a sovereign democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown........

	==Evolution of the Constitution==		==Evolution of the Constitution==